Dulles might have wanted a more peaceful way of freeing the captive nations. Although, he does go on and say that "liberation can be achieved by processes short of war" meaning that methods similar to those used in war might be used. This could intend that he will try and be peaceful and solving problems through discussions but will use some small force if needed.
2. Look at Source 13. Would you agree that the Communist world was encircled? Explain your answer.
Yes I would agree that the Communist world was encircled because most of the areas around their area of control had some form of alliance with the United States and anti-Communists. Dulles did this purposely so that Communism can not expand any further to nations neighboring the area under Communist control.
3. Carefully examine the verticle timeline on page 343. Then look back at Source 12. Do you think the development of nuclear weapons was what Dulles might have had in mind?
Yes Dulles probably realized that it would't be such a smart idea to start a war when both sides had atomic weapons. If a war was started the results would be disastrous and the U.S. would be in shambles due to the bombings. Dulles probably thought containing Communism from spreading would be a better idea than launching into a war trying to remove it completely.
4. Look at Source 16. What is the Soviet cartoon saying about the U-2 plane?
The cartoon is trying to say that the U.S. just wants to be able to fly their planes over the Soviet Union to spy and gain needed intelligence about Soviet weapons technology. The U-2 is in the shape of a spyglass on one end, which is hovering over the U.S.S.R.
5. Read the Factfile on page 344. Explain why the USSR was so angry about the US spy flights.
The U-2 is the plane used which contained flied so high that it couldn't be shot down by the Soviet fighters or anti-aircraft missiles. It contained sophisticated listening devices and powerful cameras. This was ideal for spying and kept the U.S. informed about the Soviet weapons technology through the late 1950s. Once Soviet missiles improved they were able to shoot down a U-2 and accuse with evidence that the U.S. was spying. At first Eisenhower denied the claims but then admitted to them proving that the Soviets were right about their accusations.
6. How would the USA justify this violation of Soviet territory?
The U.S. can just say the Soviets had spies in America. Some of these spies played a key role in U.S. weapons technology such as Klaus Fuchs. Some didn't play such as important roles but still sold important U.S. information to the Soviets such as Alger Hiss, Greenglass, and the Rosenbergs. All of these spies were caught and found guilty of selling secrets to the U.S.S.R.
7. If the USSR had had U-2 planes, do you think it would have used them? Why?
The U.S.S.R might have used them but there was no point because they already had spies within the U.S. successfully transmitting information back to the U.S.S.R.
8. Look at Source 17. Why do you think the USA had missiles based in Europe?
I think that the U.S. had missiles based in Europe because if they happened to be attacked then the short-range missiles located in Europe could react and hit the U.S.S.R in minutes rather than waiting 30 minutes for the long-range missiles located in the U.S. to hit the U.S.S.R.
9. Define the term 'nuclear deterrent' in not more than 20 words.
Concept in which neither side would attack the other first knowing that they in turn will be attacked equally forcefully.
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