In the 1950s only on out of three women worked for wages but by 1960 the number increased by 40 percent.Still, certain jobs were considered men's work and were shut out from women. This discrimination was largely ignored until President Kennedy called for a Presidential Commission on the Status of Women to be appointed in 1961. In 1963, it reported that women were paid much less than men even while doing the same jobs. Also women were almost never promoted to higher positions. This was regardless of their education, experience, and ability. These newly founded facts informed women about their unequal status in society.
2. Experiences in social activism
4. Feminism
5. Betty Friedan and The Feminine Mystique
She helped create the National Organization for Women (NOW) to pursue women's goals. The Feminine Mystique captured the very discontent that many women were feeling. It quickly became a bestseller and helped galvanize women across the country.
8. Gloria Steinem and Ms. Magazine
She was a journalist, political activist, and supporter of the women's liberation movement, who made her voice heard on the subjects of feminism and equality. Steinem inherited her passion and conviction from her grandmother who served as president of Ohio Woman's Suffrage Association from 1908-1911. In 1971 Steinem helped to find the National Women's Political Caucus, a group which encouraged women to seek political offices. By 1972 she, with the help of other women, designed a magazine called Ms., created to treat contemporary issues from a feminist perspective.
9. Congress
In 1972 Congress passed a ban on gender discrimination in any education program or activity receiving federal financial assistance. This was a part of the Higher Education Act. Also Congress had passed the ERA and by 1983, 24 seats were held by women in Congress
10. Supreme Court
2. Experiences in social activism
When becoming involved in the civil rights and antiwar movements, women began to feel discriminated. Men who usually led the activities, ignored women's protest to being assigned lesser roles. These experiences led to women organizing their own small groups to discuss their concerns. During these meetings, women shared their lives with each other, discovering their experiences were similar. This caused them to reflect on patterns of sexism.
3. "Consciousness raising"
These were sessions when women shared their lives with each other and discovered that their experiences were not unique. This was reflected upon and resulted in the large pattern of sexism.
3. "Consciousness raising"
These were sessions when women shared their lives with each other and discovered that their experiences were not unique. This was reflected upon and resulted in the large pattern of sexism.
4. Feminism
The belief that women should have economic, political. and social equality with men. The idea gained momentum in the mid-1800s and in 1920 women won the right to vote. The movement declined in but in the 1960s it was started up again by the political activism of the times.
5. Betty Friedan and The Feminine Mystique
She helped create the National Organization for Women (NOW) to pursue women's goals. The Feminine Mystique captured the very discontent that many women were feeling. It quickly became a bestseller and helped galvanize women across the country.
6. Civil Rights Act of 1964
This act prohibited discrimination based on race, religion, national origin, and gender. It also created the Equal Employment Opportunity Commission (EEOC) to handle discrimination claims.
7. National Organization for Women (NOW)
The National Organization for Women pursued women's goals when the Equal Employment Opportunity Commission would not. NOW members pushed for the creations of child-care facilities helping mothers pursue jobs and education. NoW also pressured the EEOC to enforce better the ban on gender discrimination, prompting them to declare gender segregated job ads illegal and to issue guidelines to employers not allowing them to refuse to hire women. Their membership grew to 1750,000 members.
7. National Organization for Women (NOW)
The National Organization for Women pursued women's goals when the Equal Employment Opportunity Commission would not. NOW members pushed for the creations of child-care facilities helping mothers pursue jobs and education. NoW also pressured the EEOC to enforce better the ban on gender discrimination, prompting them to declare gender segregated job ads illegal and to issue guidelines to employers not allowing them to refuse to hire women. Their membership grew to 1750,000 members.
8. Gloria Steinem and Ms. Magazine
She was a journalist, political activist, and supporter of the women's liberation movement, who made her voice heard on the subjects of feminism and equality. Steinem inherited her passion and conviction from her grandmother who served as president of Ohio Woman's Suffrage Association from 1908-1911. In 1971 Steinem helped to find the National Women's Political Caucus, a group which encouraged women to seek political offices. By 1972 she, with the help of other women, designed a magazine called Ms., created to treat contemporary issues from a feminist perspective.
9. Congress
In 1972 Congress passed a ban on gender discrimination in any education program or activity receiving federal financial assistance. This was a part of the Higher Education Act. Also Congress had passed the ERA and by 1983, 24 seats were held by women in Congress
10. Supreme Court
In the case of Rove v. Wade, the Supreme Court ruled that women have the right to choose an abortion during the first three months of pregnancy.
11. The Equal rights Amendment would have guaranteed equal rights under the law, regardless of gender. Who opposed this amendment? Why?
11. The Equal rights Amendment would have guaranteed equal rights under the law, regardless of gender. Who opposed this amendment? Why?
Conservative Religious Groups, political organizations, and many anti-feminists felt that the ERA would lead to horrible things such as the drafting of women, the end of laws protecting house makers, the end of husband's responsibility to provide for his family, and same-sex marriage.
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